In the wake of the recent crisis in Mangu, the Mwaghavul Development Association has called for a reevaluation of the role of the military in civil unrest, sparking a broader conversation on the involvement of armed forces in such situations. This cry for change is not isolated to Mangu; various community associations in Plateau State and across Nigeria have echoed similar sentiments, questioning the appropriateness of deploying the military during civil disturbances. In this article, we delve into the complexities of the matter, analyzing constitutional provisions, examining the roles of different security agencies, and proposing possible remedies to address the challenges posed by civil unrest.
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AND THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY
The Nigerian constitution clearly defines the role of the military in civil matters. According to the constitution, the military’s involvement is limited to maintaining territorial integrity, securing borders, and suppressing insurrection, subject to the President’s call and conditions set by the National Assembly. However, this raises a critical question: Why do civilian associations consistently call for the removal of the military during civil unrest?
The answer lies in the fact that the military is primarily trained to handle armed insurrections, not civil unrest. The Nigerian Police and the Nigerian Civil Defence Corps are designated to deal with civil disturbances, preservation of law and order, protection of property, and enforcement of laws. The Mobile Police Force (MOPOL), a special unit within the Nigerian Police, is specifically trained to handle situations like the one in Mangu, focusing on de-escalation and using force only when necessary.
DISCREPANCIES IN TRAINING AND EQUIPMENT
The issue at the core of the problem is the lack of emphasis on training and equipping the Nigerian Police and Civil Defence Corps to effectively manage civil unrest. While the military receives substantial funding and modern weaponry, the police units and civil defense are often underfunded and ill-equipped. Consequently, when the military is deployed during civil disturbances, they may lack the technical skills required, resorting to the use of excessive force without the necessary caution.
The Nigerian Civil Defence Corps, with its statutory role of protecting lives and properties, plays a crucial role in handling civil unrest. However, due to inadequate funding, it operates at a disadvantage compared to the heavily funded military. In situations like the Mangu crisis, the military’s sheer numbers and equipment readiness may lead to their deployment despite being ill-suited for the task.
ADDRESSING THE IMBALANCE
To address the current imbalance and prevent the cry for the removal of the military during civil unrest, two potential remedies can be explored:
MASSIVE INCREASE IN POLICE AND CIVIL DEFENCE CAPACITY
Increase the recruitment and training of police and civil defense units. Provide adequate funding to ensure they are well-equipped to handle civil disturbances. Enhance their capacity to de-escalate situations and protect lives and properties effectively.
Nigeria, like many nations, has faced its share of civil unrest and social upheavals in recent times. The calls for the removal of the military from handling civil disturbances underscore the need for alternative strategies to maintain law and order. One promising avenue involves a comprehensive enhancement of the police and civil defense forces. By investing in their recruitment, training, and equipment, we can not only address the current imbalance but also work towards preventing the resurgence of military intervention during periods of civil unrest.
INCREASE IN RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING
One pivotal step in restoring and maintaining public trust in law enforcement is through a substantial increase in the recruitment and training of police and civil defense units. Adequate numbers of well-trained personnel are essential to effectively manage and respond to civil disturbances. Expanding recruitment efforts will not only contribute to a visible presence on the ground but also foster community relationships, promoting a sense of security.
Training should be holistic, encompassing not only traditional policing methods but also specialized courses on conflict resolution, community engagement, and de-escalation techniques. Investing in the continuous professional development of law enforcement personnel will ensure they are equipped with the skills necessary to navigate complex and sensitive situations, promoting a culture of accountability and respect for human rights.
ADEQUATE FUNDING FOR EQUIPMENT AND RESOURCES
For law enforcement agencies to operate effectively, they must be adequately equipped with modern tools and resources. Adequate funding is crucial to ensuring that police and civil defense units have access to state-of-the-art technology, communication systems, and protective gear. This investment is not only about arming law enforcement but also about providing them with the means to protect themselves and civilians without resorting to excessive force.
Moreover, investments in technology can significantly enhance the surveillance and intelligence capabilities of these units. With advanced tools, law enforcement agencies can anticipate potential flashpoints, respond proactively, and effectively manage crowds, minimizing the risk of violence and property damage.
ENHANCED CAPACITY FOR DE-ESCALATION
To build trust between law enforcement and the community, a renewed emphasis on de-escalation techniques is paramount. Training programs should prioritize teaching officers and civil defense personnel how to defuse tense situations, communicate effectively, and employ non-lethal methods when appropriate. Community policing initiatives can further strengthen ties between law enforcement and the public, fostering mutual understanding and collaboration.
Additionally, mental health awareness and crisis intervention training should be integrated into the curriculum. This approach not only enhances the well-being of law enforcement personnel but also equips them with the skills to handle individuals in crisis with empathy and understanding.
PROTECTING LIVES AND PROPERTIES
The primary objective of law enforcement is to protect lives and properties. By bolstering the capabilities of the police and civil defense units, we can ensure a swift and effective response to civil disturbances, preventing the escalation of conflicts. Community-oriented strategies, such as neighborhood watch programs and public awareness campaigns, can also play a vital role in promoting collective responsibility for safety and security.
Addressing civil unrest in Nigeria requires a multifaceted approach that prioritizes the strengthening of the police and civil defense forces. By significantly increasing recruitment, providing adequate funding for equipment, and enhancing the capacity for de-escalation, we can pave the way for a more secure and stable society. This strategy not only addresses the immediate challenges but also serves as a proactive measure to prevent the recurrence of military intervention, fostering a sense of trust and cooperation between law enforcement and the communities they serve.
CONVERSION OF MILITARY UNITS TO POLICE AND CIVIL DEFENCE
Consider converting some military units back to police and civil defense roles. Draw lessons from history, such as during the Nigerian Civil War when police officers were converted to military officers. Utilize the existing pool of military personnel to reinforce police and civil defense capabilities during civil unrest.
STRENGTHENING CIVIL ORDER: CONVERTING MILITARY UNITS TO POLICE AND CIVIL DEFENCE ROLES
In times of civil unrest, maintaining law and order becomes a paramount concern for any nation. The utilization of military units in such situations is a well-established practice, but there have been instances in history where converting military personnel back to police and civil defense roles can be proven effective.
HISTORICAL PRECEDENCE FROM THE NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR
A compelling example of converting military units back to police roles is evident in the Nigerian civil war that took place between 1967 and 1970. During this conflict, police officers were temporarily reassigned as military officers to cope with the escalating crisis. The decision to convert police into military personnel allowed the government to address the pressing need for a robust response to internal security threats while leveraging the specialized skills and training of the existing law enforcement officers.
CONVERSION STRATEGIES
Assessing Military Units for Civil Defence Roles: Governments facing civil unrest can consider evaluating military units suitable for conversion to police and civil defense roles. Identify units with training and skills relevant to internal security, crisis management, and crowd control. This process requires a careful analysis of the specific capabilities of each unit, ensuring a seamless transition to civilian law enforcement duties.
Training and Adaptation: Military personnel possess unique skill sets, and their transition to police roles necessitates targeted training programs. Provide specialized training to enhance their understanding of civilian law enforcement practices, community engagement, and de-escalation techniques. Additionally, military training to align with the principles of community-oriented policing to foster positive interactions between officers and the public.
Equipment and Resources: Equip converted military units with the necessary tools and resources for effective policing. This may include non-lethal crowd control measures, communication devices, and surveillance equipment. Tailoring the equipment to suit the specific needs of civilian law enforcement ensures a balanced approach to maintaining public order while respecting individual rights.
Community Engagement and Building Trust: Acknowledge the potential challenges associated with the transition from military to police roles and prioritize community engagement efforts. Building trust between the converted units and the local population is crucial for successful law enforcement. Initiatives such as community policing programs can facilitate positive interactions and promote a sense of security among residents.
Legal Framework and Oversight: Establish a clear legal framework for the involvement of converted military units in internal security operations. Define their roles, responsibilities, and limitations to prevent overreach. Implement robust oversight mechanisms to ensure accountability and adherence to human rights standards during law enforcement activities.
In times of civil unrest, converting military units back to police and civil defense roles can provide a strategic advantage for maintaining order while leveraging the existing pool of skilled personnel. Drawing lessons from historical events, such as the Nigerian Civil War, underscores the feasibility and potential effectiveness of this approach. However, careful planning, training, and community engagement are essential components of a successful conversion strategy, ensuring a seamless transition that respects both the rights of citizens and the unique capabilities of military personnel.
CONCLUSION
The Mangu crisis has exposed the challenges associated with deploying the military in situations that demand the expertise of police and civil defense units. The call for the removal of the military reflects a need for a comprehensive reform in Nigeria’s security approach. By prioritizing the training, funding, and equipment of police and civil defense forces, the government can ensure a more effective response to civil unrest, preventing unnecessary civilian suffering and maintaining public trust in the security apparatus. It’s time for Nigeria to reassess its security strategy and create a balanced and responsive system that aligns with the constitutional provisions and the actual needs of its diverse communities.
Written By:
Professor (Assoc.) Elias Nankap Lamle (PhD: Leuven)
Centre for Conflict Management and Peace Studies
University of Jos, Nigeria