By necessity or design, Iraqi women launch Mosul firms

In red letters “Umm Mustafa and sons” looms
large over a modest grocery, standing out in a sea of shop facades
daubed with male proprietors’ names.

“At first some gave me evil looks, but I have
no pension and I had no choice but to open my shop”, Umm Mustafa,
dressed in black, told AFP.

At just 27 she is already a widow —
her husband was executed by the Islamic State group during its brutal
three-year occupation of the city.

The jihadists seized control of Mosul in 2014,
and the ruined metropolis was only wrested back by Iraq’s
internationally-backed military a year and a half ago — after months of
some of the most brutal urban combat seen anywhere since World War II.

Located in the working class district of Al-Faruq, Umm Mustafa needs the shop’s income to feed her sons, who are six and four.

And despite locals’ initial astonishment —
borne out of a conservative culture that long predated the jihadist
interlude — Umm Mustafa’s entrepreneurship has won over a loyal
clientele.

IS’ self-proclaimed caliphate had relegated
Umm Mustafa and her female peers to the shadows — forbidden from even
leaving home in the Nineveh province capital, never mind speaking in
public places.

Storefront signage such as Umm Mustafa’s could never have been erected as they have today.

Head of the family

Nearly two thirds of young people in Iraq say
they support the right of women to work, compared to only 42 percent of
older people, according to a UN survey.

The
same survey found only 14 percent of women work or actively seek
employment, compared to 73 percent of men, while in the private sector,
only two percent of employees are female.

And unemployment, while officially at 10.8
percent nationally, is higher in Nineveh and other provinces that were
until recently plagued by fighting or under the control of IS.

The bloody conflicts that have ravaged the
country for nearly four decades — beginning with the 1980-88 Iran-Iraq
war — have killed and disabled hundreds of thousands of people, and
also triggered numerous divorces.

As a result, one in ten Iraqi households is headed by a woman nowadays, according to the UN.

“Umm Mustafa’s self-reliance should be an
example,” said Adel Zaki, a neighbour who comes to her shop regularly to
buy chocolates or a bottle of fruit juice.

Fellow Mosul native Dania Salem did not have a pressing need to earn money.

But after fleeing home with her family to
escape the advancing jihadists, she discovered her passion in Arbil, the
capital of Iraqi Kurdistan.

The 23-year-old economics graduate worked at a
florist there, where she learned to arrange fresh bouquets and create
wreaths of synthetic flowers.

After returning home to Mosul, in August 2018 she opened a flower stall that is now in full bloom.

“For me, it was something of a challenge — a
way to improve women’s place in society, which has been changing a lot,”
she told AFP.

‘A first step’

Since the jihadists were defeated in Mosul — long a Middle East trade hub — the city has undergone a cultural boom.

More and more women are feeling their way into
the public sphere, whether by finding work alongside male counterparts
or by setting up their own firms.

“This shop is a first step and I have other plans for later,” Salem said, before returning to arranging her flowers.

For women’s rights activist Rim Mohammed, it is crucial that the state supports other women setting up their own businesses.

“Their social rights must be assured,
employment created and their place in cultural and political life
guaranteed,” she told AFP.

Khalaf al-Hadidi, who runs Nineveh province’s planning department, said he takes this message on board.

He said micro credits of between five and 10
million dinars ($4,200 to $8,400, 3,700 to 7,300 euros) will be granted
to women, boys and girls as a priority.

He promised this would happen as soon as the
province receives the $1 billion dollars allocated by Iraq’s federal
budget, without specifying when that might occur.