Portugal has enacted a new law restricting the wearing of face coverings in public places, a move that has sparked controversy and criticism from opposition groups and Muslim organisations.
President António José Seguro signed the legislation into law after it was approved by parliament in July.
The law prohibits clothing, accessories or other items deliberately used to conceal a person’s face or prevent identification in public spaces. It also criminalises forcing another person to cover their face on the basis of gender, religion, age or origin.
President Seguro defended the measure, arguing that the face plays an important role in communication and personal identity.
However, the legislation provides exemptions in certain circumstances, including for health and safety reasons, professional activities, artistic performances and protection from extreme weather conditions.
The restrictions also do not apply inside places of worship, embassies or on aircraft.
Anyone found violating the law could face fines ranging from €150 to €3,000.
The measure received support from Portugal’s right-wing government and far-right political parties, while left-wing opposition parties strongly criticised it.
Critics argue that the legislation could disproportionately affect Muslim women who wear full-face veils such as the niqab, potentially increasing discrimination against Muslim communities and other minority groups.
Opposition groups have also questioned the stated justification for the law, arguing that it is not primarily about public security or women’s rights but could instead contribute to fear and hostility towards minority communities.
Portugal joins several other European countries that have introduced restrictions on face coverings in public places. However, the scope of the restrictions, penalties and exemptions differ from country to country.